Biorremediação de solos contaminados por petróleo e seus derivados
Main Article Content
Abstract
Em vista da eficiência comprovada da biorremediação na degradação de compostos tóxicos ao ser humano, como o benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), diversas empresas, principalmente as relacionadas com consultorias e remediação ambiental, têm despertado grandes interesses pela implantação da biorremediação como opção para a reabilitação de áreas contaminadas. Em países desenvolvidos, como os Estados Unidos, Canadá e vários países da Europa, a técnica bioquímica de remediação vem sendo amplamente utilizada em trabalhos que se baseiam, por exemplo, no tratamento de solos contaminados por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. Porém, ao contrário do que se tem notado nesses países, no Brasil, os projetos de biorremediação ainda estão no campo da teoria, com poucos casos práticos, embora exista uma probabilidade real de expansão. A esse despeito, uma das maiores pertinências dessa revisão é elucidar as vantagens que essa técnica pode oferecer quando é utilizada para a degradação de compostos, como os BTEX, em solos tipicamente brasileiros, cujas características físico-químicas contribuem, em muito, para a degradação desses contaminantes. Nessa conjuntura, pesquisas revelam que os fatores ambientais (como teores de umidade e oxigênio) e a disponibilidade de nutrientes nos solos, além das condições climáticas do Brasil, são bastante adequadas para o emprego dessa técnica.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The corresponding author transfers the copyright of the submitted manuscript and all its versions to Eclet. Quim., after having the consent of all authors, which ceases if the manuscript is rejected or withdrawn during the review process.
When a published manuscript in EQJ is also published in other journal, it will be immediately withdrawn from EQ and the authors informed of the Editor decision.
Self-archive to institutional, thematic repositories or personal webpage is permitted just after publication. The articles published by Eclet. Quim. are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
ACTON, D.W. & BARKER, J.F. In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic groundwaters. J. Contam. Hydrol., 9:325-352, 1992.
AELION, C.M. & BRADLEY, P.M. Aerobic biodegradation potential of subsurface microorganisms from a jet fuel-contaminated aquifer. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57:57-63, 1991.
AISLABIE, J.; SAUL, D.J. & FOGHT, J.M. Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated polar soils. Extremophiles, 10:171-179, 2006.
AISLABIE, J.M.; BALKS, M.R.; FOGHT J.M. & WATERHOUSE, E.J. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soils: effects and management. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38:1265-1274, 2004.
ALEXANDER, M. Biodegradation and Bioremediation. 2nd ed. San Diego, California, Academic Press, 1999. 453p.
ALEXANDER, M. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. 2nd ed. New York, John Wiley, 1977. p.423-437.
ANDRADE, J.A. Otimização da reação de Fenton visando aplicações na remediação in-situ e ex-situ de águas subterrâneas. Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2005. 249p. (Dissertação de Mestrado).
BASTIAENS, L.; VOS, J.; MAESEN, M.; SIMONS, Q.; LOOKMAN, R.; HENDRICKX, B.; DIELS, L.; VAN BOVEN, F.; CAMERLYNCK, S.; VANHOUCKE, F.; LOETE, B. & VAN GESTEL, G. The influence of ORC®
injection on in-situ BTEX biodegradation and on endogenous micro-organisms. P. Int. In-situ and On-site Bioremediation. Battelle Press, 2003.
BENTO, F.M.; CAMARGO, F.A.O.; OKEKE, B. & FRANKENBERGER-JÚNIOR, W.T. Bioremediation of soil contaminated by diesel oil. Braz. J. Microbiol., 34:65-68, 2003.
BERNOTH, L.; FIRTH, I.; MCALLISTER, P. & RHODES, S. Biotechnologies for remediation and pollution control in the mining industry. Miner. Metall. Proc., 17:105-111, 2000.
BETANCUR-GALVIS, L.A.; BERNAL, D.A.; RAMOSVALDIVIA, A.C. & DENDOOVEN, L. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated salinealkaline soils of the former Lake Texcoco. Chemosphere, 62:1749-1760, 2006.
BOROLE, A.P.; SUBLETTE, K.L.; RATERMAN, K.T.; JAVANMARDIAN, M. & FISHER, J.B. The potential for intrinsic bioremediation of BTEX hydrocarbons in soil/ground water contaminated with gas condensate. Appl.Biochem. Biotech., 63-65:719-730, 1997.
BROWN, R.A. In Situ Chemical Oxidation: Performance, Practice, and Pitfalls. AFCEE Technology Transfer Workshop, San Antonio, Texas, 2003. Disponível em: http://www.clu−in.org/techfocus/default.focus/sec/In_Situ_Oxidation/download/techfocus/chemox/4_brown.pdf. Acesso em 06 mar. 2008.
CETESB: COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Avaliação do Uso de Produtos Biotecnológicos para Tratamento de Efluentes Líquidos, Resíduos Sólidos e Remediação de Solos e Águas – L1.022, 2007b. 21p. Disponível em: http://www.cetesb.
sp.gov.br/. Acesso em 20 mar. 2008.
CETESB: COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Decisão de Diretoria nº 103/2007/C/E, de 22 de junho de 2007, 2007a. 40p. Disponível em: http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/. Acesso em 10 mar. 2008.
CETESB: COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Manual de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas. 2.ed., 2001. 389p.
CETESB: COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Manual de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas. Capítulo X – Investigação para Biorremediação, 2004. 77p.
CETESB: COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Relação de áreas contaminadas, 2006. Disponível em: http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/. Acesso em 07 mar. 2008.
CETESB: COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Relatório de estabelecimento de valores orientadores para solos e águas subterrâneas no Estado de São Paulo, 2005. Disponível em: http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/. Acesso em 19 mar. 2008.
CHEN, K.F.; KAO, C.M.; CHEN, T.Y.; WENG, C.H. & TSAI, C.T. Intrinsic bioremediation of MTBE-contaminated groundwater at a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site. Environ. Geol., 50:439-445, 2006.
CLU-IN: HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEAN-UP INFORMATION. Technology Practices Manual for Surfactants and Cosolvents. CH2MHILL, 2006. Disponível em: http://clu-in.org/. Acesso em 13 mar. 2008.
COLVIN, G.H. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation of recalcitrant VOCs in groundwater using Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC®) and bio-dechlor inoculum (BDI)”. P. Int. In-situ and On-site Bioremediation, Battelle Press. 2005.
COULON, F. & DELILLE, D. Influence of substratum on the degradation processes in diesel polluted sub-Antarctic soils (Crozet Archipelago). Polar Biol., 29:806-812, 2006.
CUSTANCE, S.R.; MCCAW, P.A.; KOPF, A.C. & SULLIVAN, M.J. Environmental fate of the chemical mixtures: crude oil, jp-5, mineral spirits, and diesel fuel. J. Soil Contam., 1:379-386, 1992.
DELFINO, J.J. & MILES, C.J. Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of organic contaminants in Florida groundwater. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fl. Proc., 44:9-14, 1985.
DiGIULIO, D.C. & VARADHAN, R. Development of recommendations and methods to support assessment of soil venting performance and closure. U.S. EPA, ORD, EPA/600/R-01/070, 2001.
DUA, M.; SINGH, A.; SETHUNATHAN, N. & JOHRI, A.K. Biotechnology and bioremediation: successes and limitations. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 59:143-152, 2002.
EMBAR, K.; FORGACS, C. & SIVAN, A. The role of indigenous bacterial and fungal soil populations in the biodegradation of crude oil in a desert soil. Biodegradation, 17:369-377, 2006.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY – EPA.
How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. (EPA 510-B-95-007), 1995. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/pubs/tums.htm. Acesso em 07 mar. 2008.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. A Citizen’s Guide to Chemical Oxidation. EPA 542-F-01-013, 2001a.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. Chapter XIII –
Chemical Oxidation, EPA 510-B-94-003; EPA 510-B-95-007 and EPA 510-R-04-002, 2004a. 52p.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. Chapter IX – Monitored Natural Attenuation, EPA 510-B-94-003; EPA 510-B-95-007
and EPA 510-R-04-002, 2004b. 77p.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. Chapter II – Soil Vapor Extraction, EPA 510-B-94-003; EPA 510-B-95-007 and EPA
-R-04-002, 2004c. 36p.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. Chapter XII –
Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation, EPA 510-B-94-003; EPA 510-B-95-007 and EPA 510-R-04-002, 2004d. 73p.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. Chapter IV – Biopiles, EPA 510-B-94-003; EPA 510-B-95-007 and EPA 510-R-04-
, 2004e. 30p.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. Integrated Risk Information System: benzene. CASRN 71-43-2, 2003a. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0276.htm. Acesso em 22 mar. 2008.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, UNITED STATES. Method 8260C: Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), 2006. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/new-meth.htm. Acesso em 24 mar. 2008.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. A Citizen’s Guide to Bioremediation, Soil Waste and Emergency Response, EPA 542-F-01-001, 2001b. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/. Acesso em 15 mar. 2008.
EPA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. Bioremediation in the field, 2003b. 39p. Disponível em: http://www.epa.gov/. Acesso em 10 mar. 2008.
FUKADA, S. & TAKAGI, K. Enhanced bioremediation of soil and groundwater at a petrol release site in Japan. P. Int. In-situ and On-site Bioremediation. Battelle Press, 2003.
GARNIER, P.M.; AURIA, R.; AUGUR, C. & REVAH, S. Metabolic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a soil consortium: effect of components present in gasoline. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 46:79-84, 2000.
HAWROT, M. & NOWAK, A. Effects of different soil treatments on diesel fuel biodegradation. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 15:643-646, 2006.
HUTCHINSON, S.L.; SCHWAB, A.P. & BANKS, M.K. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. In: McCUTCHEON, S.C. & SCHNOOR, J.L., ed. Phytoremediation – Transformation and control
of contaminants. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley, 2003. p.355-386.
IARC: INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Carcinogenicity evaluation of BTEX, 71:829, 2006. Disponível em: http://www.iarc.fr/. Acesso em: 14 mar. 2008.
JARAMILLO, I.R. Fundamentos teóricos-práticos de temas selectos de la ciência Del sueco. Parte 1, Universidad Autônoma Metropolitana, México. Apud: OLIVEIRA, F.R. & MILLIOLI, V.S. Utilização de técnica de bioestímulo, avaliando-se parâmetros como relação nutricional e umidade
na biorremediação de solo contaminado com óleo cru. XIII J.I.C., CETEM, 1996.
KOENNIGSBERG, S.S. & WILLETT, A. Accelerated bioremediation with oxygen release compound advanced: evolution of time-release electron acceptors. P. Int. In-situ and On-site Bioremediation. Battelle Press, 2005.
MAILA, M.P. & CLOETE, T.E. The use of biological activities to monitor the removal of fuel contaminantsperspective for monitoring hydrocarbon contamination: a review. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 55:1-8, 2005.
MARGESIN, R. & SCHINNER, F. Biodegradation and bioremediation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 56:650-663, 2001.
MARÍN, J.A.; MORENO, J.L.; HERNÁNDEZ, T. & GARCÍA, C. Bioremediation by composting of heavy oil refinery sludge in semiarid conditions. Biodegradation, 17:251-261, 2006.
MORGAN, R. & WATKINSON, R.J. Hydrocarbon degradation in soils and methods for soil treatment. CRC Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 8:305-333, 1989.
NAKAGAWA, L.E. & ANDRÉA, M.M. Efeito de alterações nas características do solo sobre a degradação de hexaclorobenzeno. Rev. Bras. Ciên. Solo, 30:575-582, 2006.
NANO, G.; BORRONI, A. & ROTA, R. Combined slurry and solid phase bioremediations of diesel contaminated soil. J. Hazard. Mater., B100:79-94, 2003.
NIOSH: NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH. NIOSH Carcinogen List, 2006. Disponível em: http://0-www.cdc.gov.mill1.sjlibrary.org/niosh/homepage.html. Acesso em 17 mar. 2008.
NRC: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. In Situ Bioremediation: When Does It Work? Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1993.
OU, Z. Separate and combined environmental behaviour of surfactants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Technische Universität Munchen, Institut fur Chemie, Lehrstuhl fur Ökologische Chemie und Umweltanalytik, 2000. 272f. (Tese de Doutorado).
PERALTA-ZAMORA, P. & TIBURTIUS, E.R.L. Contaminação de águas por BTXs e processos utilizados na remediação de sítios contaminados. Quím. Nova, 27:441-446, 2004.
RAHMAN, K.S.M.; BANAT, I.M. & THAHIRA, J. Bioremediation of gasoline contaminated soil by a bacterial consortium amended with poultry litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Bioresour. Technol., 81:25-32, 2002.
REED, T.A. Bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons at a DOD site in Tracy, California. P. Int. In-situ and On-site Bioremediation. Battelle Press, 2004.
ROBB, J. & MOYER, E. Natural attenuation of benzene and MTBE at four midwestern retail gasoline marketing outlets. Contam. Soil Sed. Water, Spring:67-71, 2001.
SÁNCHEZ, O.; FERRERA, I.; VIGUÉS, N.; OTEYZA, T.G.; GRIMALT, J.O. & MAS, J. Presence of opportunistic oil-degrading microorganisms operating at the initial steps of oil extraction and handling. Int. Microbiol., 9:119-124, 2006.
SAUL, D.J.; AISLABIE, J.; BROWN, C.E.; HARRIS, L. & FOGHT, J.M. Hydrocarbon contamination changes the bacterial diversity of soil from around Scott Base, Antarctica. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 53:141-155, 2005.
SCHWARZENBACH, R.P.; GSCHWEND, P.M. & IMBODEN, D.M. Environmental Organic Chemistry. New York, John Wiley, 1993. p.682.
SHUHONG, Y.; LEICHANG, H.; LI, Y.O.; MING, D.; YINGYING, H. & DEWEEN, D. Investigation on bioremediation of oil-polluted wetland at Liaodong Bay in northeast China. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 71:543-548, 2006.
SILVA, E.; FIALHO, A.M.; SA-CORREIA, I.; BURNS, R.G. & SHAW, L.J. Combined bioaugmentation and biostimulation to cleanup soil contaminated with high concentrations of atrazine. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38:632-637, 2004.
SIMS, J.L.; SUFLITA, J.M. & RUSSELL, H.H. Ground water issue: In situ bioremediation of contaminated ground water, EPA/540/S-92/003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 1992. 11p.
TATE, R.L. Soil Microbiology. New York, John Wiley, 1995. p.107.
TOP, E.M. & SPRINGAEL, D. The role of mobile genetic elements in bacterial adaptation to xenobiotic organic compounds. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 14:262-269, 2003.
TROQUEST, J.; LARROCHE, C. & DUSSAP, C.G. Evidence for the occurrence of an oxygen limitation during soil bioremediation by solid-state fermentation. Biochem. Eng. J., 13:103-112, 2003.
TSAO, C.W.; SONG, H.G. & BARTHA, R. Metabolism of benzene, toluene, and xylene hydrocarbons in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64:4924-4929, 1998.
USAEC: U.S. ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER. Biopiles of POL (petroleum, oils, and lubricants) Contaminated Soils. Restoration Technology, 2003a. Disponível em: http://aec.army.mil/usaec/. Acesso em 14 mar. 2008.
USAEC: U.S. ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER. Intrinsic Remediation of POL (petroleum, oils, and lubricants) Contaminated Sites. Restoration Technology, 2003b. Disponível em: http://aec.army.mil/usaec/. Acesso em 15 mar. 2008.
VAN DER HOEK, J.P.; URLINGS, L.G.C.M. & GROBBEN, C.M. Biological removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and phenolic compounds from heavily contaminated ground water and soil. Environ. Technol. Lett., 10:185-194, 1989.
VIDALI, M. Bioremediation. An overview. Pure Appl. Chem., 73:1163-1172, 2001.
VROM. Intervention values and target values: soil quality standards. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment. Premises for risk management: annex to the Dutch Environmental Policy Plan. The Hague: Lower House, DBO/07494013, 1994. 19p.
WATTS, R.J.; HALLER, D.R.; JONES, A.P. & TEEL, A.L. A foundation for the risk-based treatment of gasolinecontaminated soils using modified Fenton’s reactions. J. Hazard. Mater., 76:73-89, 2000.
WYNM, J.L. Monitored natural attenuation with oxygen release material. P. Int. In-situ and On-site Bioremediation. Battelle Press, 2003.